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Cybernetics is the study of control and communication across animals and machines. Originating in the 1940s with Norbert Wiener, cybernetics framed the world as consisting of systems—biological and technical—exploring how systems regulate themselves through feedback loops, and examining the dynamics by which they maintain stability and achieve goals through adaptive mechanisms. Second-order cybernetics, developed in the 1970s by Heinz von Foerster, was extended by Gregory Bateson emphasising the integral role of the observer within systems. <ref>Bateson, Gregory. Steps to an Ecology of Mind. University of Chicago Press, 1972</ref>. Bateson’s approach highlighted the subjectivity and reflexivity in understanding complex systems, and the connection between ecological, social, and mental systems. | Cybernetics is the study of control and communication across animals and machines. Originating in the 1940s with Norbert Wiener, cybernetics framed the world as consisting of systems—biological and technical—exploring how systems regulate themselves through feedback loops, and examining the dynamics by which they maintain stability and achieve goals through adaptive mechanisms. Second-order cybernetics, developed in the 1970s by Heinz von Foerster, was extended by Gregory Bateson emphasising the integral role of the observer within systems. <ref>Bateson, Gregory. Steps to an Ecology of Mind. University of Chicago Press, 1972</ref>. Bateson’s approach highlighted the subjectivity and reflexivity in understanding complex systems, and the connection between ecological, social, and mental systems. | ||
[[File:Macy Conference Group.jpg| | [[File:Macy Conference Group.jpg|350px|Macy Conference on Cybernetics group photo 1953 | ||
1st row (left to right) T.C. Schneirla, Y. Bar-Hillel, Margaret Mead, Warren S. McCulloch, Jan Droogleever-Fortuyn, Yuen Ren Chao, W. Grey-Walter, Vahe E. Amassian. | 1st row (left to right) T.C. Schneirla, Y. Bar-Hillel, Margaret Mead, Warren S. McCulloch, Jan Droogleever-Fortuyn, Yuen Ren Chao, W. Grey-Walter, Vahe E. Amassian. | ||